Hurbanovan English

Hurbanovan English Hubanova Engelsh
Pronunciation:	/ɦʏbɑːnˈɔ̃ːʋɑ ʔˈɛŋgəlʃ/
Spoken in:	Hurbanova, Oceana
Total speakers:	~1000
Origin:	mostly English, Slovak, Polish and Dutch
Language family:	Indo-European :Germanic ::West Germanic :::Anglo–Frisian ::::Anglic :::::Lovian English
Writing system:	Latin script
Official status
Official language in:	nowhere
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	–
ISO 639-2:	–
ISO 639-3:	–
Trivia
Nicknames:	Hubanovo, Dèil Dylek
Religion:	Atheist, Roman Catholic
More information on language in Lovia
Hurbanovan English is marked in orange

Hurbanovan English is a Lovian English dialect that is spoken by inhabitants of Hurbanova, Oceana. It has a dubious linguistic status, due to its history. It originated as a Slovak-English pidgin, evolved into a full creole language, and was then heavily influenced by Lovian English, making it a regional dialect. In the past it has been considered a full language, as a daughter language of Slovak. Now, there is a consensus among linguists about its status as Lovian English variety with great Slovak creole influences. Hurbanovan English is also heavily influenced by other Eastern European languages, such as Polish, and by Dutch and other Lovian English varieties.

It is gradually being replaced by the more prominent East Hills dialect, which is one of the Beaver River dialects.

History

Hurbanovan English originally formed around the year 1900. In the beginning it was a mixture of English, Slovak, Polish, and some other languages, what is now called Oceana and which is still used by a small group of locals. Because it was and is more useful to speak English, the official language of Lovia, many people started to use English as a second or third language. Hurbanovan English as it is known today, is formed as a result of the influences of Oceana, Slovak, and Polish in the Hurbanovos second or third language. The dialect is recently influenced by Dutch, Modern Trainish, and Lovian English characteristics too.

Characteristics

Hurbanovan English is known because of the following things:

1. Borrowings from Oceana; like nash (problems), tyne (shadow), usile (effort)
2. -o-, like in harbor, government, becomes -oi-, haboi, goivemen
3. [t] or [d] at the end of words is sometimes not pronounced, so called t-deletion, dylek (dialect) win (wind)
4. A vowel can't follow a vowel, it will become a diphtong. dialect -> dylek, idea -> idai
5. /ɑj/ ([ai]) is pronounced as /ɛi/ and /ɔi/ ([oi]) is pronounced as /ə/
6. The /r/ is often dropped, except if it is at the beginning of a syllable. har-bor -> ha-boi, train -> tain, where -> wèi. Remember: rain -> rain, hund-red -> hun-rath, hun-d-red -> hun-nath (rarely used). Because of this, also names like King Dimitri I are often pronounced as King Dimiti I, though the [r] still needs to be written.
7. The /b/ with glottal stop (/ʔ/) disappears. For example: timber, crumble -> timme, cumle.
8. The existance of /ɫ/. This sound is used when [ll] is written. For example: well, wondefull.

Phonology

Consonants

The following table shows the consonant phonemes found in Hurbanovan English. When consonants appear in pairs, fortis consonants (i.e. aspirated or voiceless) appear on the left and lenis consonants (i.e. lightly voiced or voiced) appear on the right:

Consonant phonemes of Hurbanovan English

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Plosive	p  b			t  d			k  ɡ	ʔ
Affricate					tʃ1  dʒ  c
Fricative		f  v	θ2  ð	s  z	ʃ  ʒ		x3  ɣ4  ç5	h6  ɦ
Approximant				r7  ʁ		j  ʝ8	ʍ9  w10  ʋ11
Lateral				l  ɫ

1. Though Standard English usually has the /tʃ/ consonant, Hurbanovan English almost always uses /c/ like in many Slavic languages.
2. /θ/ only occurs in recent loanwords from English. Normally /ð/ is used.
3. /x/ only occurs in loanwords from Slovak (or sometimes Dutch)
4. /ɣ/ is only used in interjections.
5. /ç/ only occurs in loanwords from Slovak or Polish.
6. Instead of /h/ mostly /ɦ/ is used. /h/ only occurs in recent loanwords.
7. /r/ only occurs in recent loanwords. /ʁ/ is mostly used.
8. /ʝ/ only occurs in loanwords from (Belgian) Dutch.
9. /ʍ/ is used when [wh] is written.
10. /w/ only occurs in recent loanwords. Normally /ʋ/ is used.
11. /ʋ/ is used when [w] is written.

Vowels

Monophthongs

	Front		Central		Back
	long	short	long	short	long	short
Close	iː	ɪ, i	yː	ʏ, y	uː	ʊ, u
Mid	eː, ɛː	e, ɛ	ɜː	ə	ɔː, oː	ɔ, o
Open		æ	æː	ʌ	ɑː, aː	ɑ, ɒ, a

Grammar

Verbs

In Hurbanovan English verbs are conjugated, just like English, on time and person.

Regular verbs are conjugated as following:

to kyse = to cry
Time	Person						English
	I	you (sing)	he, she, i	we	you (plural)	they
Present simple	kyse	kyse	kyses	kyse	kyse	kyse	I cry
Present continuous	am kys(e)in'	a kys(e)in'	is kys(e)in'	a kys(e)in'	a kys(e)in'	a kys(e)in'	I am crying
Present perfect	èi kyseth	èi kyseth	èis kyseth	èi kyseth	èi kyseth	èi kyseth	I have cried
Past simple	kyseth	kyseth	kyseth	kyseth	kyseth	kyseth	I cried
Past continuous	ows kys(e)in'	ow kys(e)in'	ows kys(e)in'	ow kys(e)in'	ow kys(e)in'	ow kys(e)in'	I was crying
Past perfect	ai kyseth	ai kyseth	ai kyseth	ai kyseth	ai kyseth	ai kyseth	I had cried
Future	kyse(e)l	kyse(e)l	kyse(e)l	kyse(e)l	kyse(e)l	kyse(e)l	I will cry
Imperative	singular:	kyse!		plural:	kyse(th)!		cry!
Gerund	kyse(e)n						crying

Passive

The passive is almost the same as in normal English. A form of to a (to be) replaces the independent verb and the independent verb will become a past particle. For example: Joseph èi paineth the ca re (Joseph has painted the car red) -> The ca èi bi paineth re (by Joseph) (The car has been painted red (by Joseph)) and The pama can na repai the ca (The mechanic can't repair the car) -> The ca can na a repaith (by the pama) (The car can't be repaired (by the mechanic))

Irregular and strong verbs

Except for strong verbs, Standard English only has nine really irregular verbs, to be, to have, shall, may, must, can, will, to go and to do. Only those verbs show irregularities within the time. It isn't he bes, haves, shalls, mays, dos and so on, but he is, has, shall, may, does. The verbs can (can), mèi (may), shall (shall), and will (will) are conjugated on the same way like the English verbs, so it's he can, mèi, shall, will. to èi (to have) is a regular verb, but it's strong however. The verbs to a (to be), meh (must), to dew (to do) and to gew (to go) are also irregular, but show a different conjugation. The third person singular of meh is mast, for to dew and to gew it's dèis and gèis respectively. The conjugation of to a is as following.

to a = be
Time	Person						English
	I	you (sing)	he, she, i	we	you (plural)	they
Present simple	am	a	is	a	a	a	I am
Present continuous	am an'	a an'	is an'	a an'	a an'	a an'	I am being
Present perfect	èi bi	èi bi	èis bi	èi bi	èi bi	èi bi	I have been
Past simple	ows	ow	ows	ow	ow	ow	I was
Past continuous	ows an'	ow an'	ows an'	ow an'	ow an'	ow an'	I was being
Past perfect	ai bi	ai bi	ai bi	ai bi	ai bi	ai bi	I had been
Future	sel / bude	sel / bude	sel / budes	sel / bude	sel / bude	sel / bude	I will be
Imperative	singular:	a!		plural:	a(th)!		be!
Gerund	a(he)n						being

Most strong verbs follow the same sound shift rules like many nouns. to leave - left - left is to leave - lef - lef, for example. When difference will be threathened some strong verbs can become weak. For example; to build - built - built is to buil - builth - builth. Sometimes the spelling is different, to read - read - read is to rea - reh - reh, reh sounds the same as read (past particle) except for the /d/. This difference in spelling was made to make it easier to understand the difference between past and present.

Adjectives

Adjectives are not conjugated, they've only got a so called base form. So for masculine words it's the bèi man (the bad man), for feminine words it's the bèi fèi (the bad woman), for neuter words it's the bèi chil (the bad child) and for plural words it's the bèi chils (the bad children). Adjectives are placed in front of the noun. The comparison is easier than the English system. Where in English there are strict rules whether you should use suffixes (-er, -est) or more and most, in Hurbanovan English both are possible. For example:

System	Base form	Comparitive	Superlative	Translation
1	bèi	bèia	bèias	bad
2	bèi	mow bèi	mose bèi	bad
1	beautifull	beautifulla	beautifullas	beautiful
2	beautifull	mow beautifull	mose beautifull	beautiful

Adverbs

Adverbs are made using adjective + l, for example bad - badly is bèi - bèil. There are hardly any exceptions. Even though the adverbs of hard and fast are hard and fast in English, in Hurbanovan English people use hadl and fasl. Adjectives ending on -l or -ll get an extra -e-, like dull -> dullel and ol (old) -> olel.

Nouns

In Hurbanovan English nouns are conjugated by number and size. The standard for each noun is to have four different forms in conjugation. Some exceptions do exist however.

Group	Singular	Plural	Diminutive singular	Diminutive plural	Translation
1	noin	noins	noiny	noinies	noun
2	hois	hoises	hoisy	hoisies	house
3	stannath	stannathes	stannathy	stannathies	standard
4	ty	ties	tiesy	tiesies	time
5	tee	tees	teesy	teesies	tree
6	dèi	dèis	dèiny	dèinies	day
7	Lovai	Lovais	Lovainy	Lovainies	Lovia
8	goose	geese	geesy	geesies	goose
9	tomato	tomatoes	tomatoty	tomatoties	tomato
10	moise	mice	miçy	miçies	mouse
11	tooth	teeth	teethy	teethies	tooth
12	woh	woes	woddy	woddies	word
13	bih	boes	burdy	burdies	bird

Example

The Kingdom of Lovai o Lovai is a soivereign palaimentary constitushenal monachy in the Nothen Pacific Oshen. The capital an mose populois city of Lovai is callth Noble City. The populashen of this cointy is mosel of Noth American an Europain orige. Thèi a aboi 20,000 inhabitans. The reignin' monach is King Dimitri I. Lovai is a foime membe of the Uniteth Wiki Nashes.

Language vs Dialect

As with many minority languages, the language versus dialect battle is also commonly practiced with Hurbanovan English. Though the Oceana dialect is usually considered to be a language, because of its major differences in both grammar and vocabulary, Hurbanovan English is not. This is because of the enormous regularity within the sound changes, like t-deletion and r-dropping, its mutual understandability with English, the grammar does not show significant differences to English and the language yet does not have any state or recognisition anywhere.

Relation to other Lovian English languages

Hurbanovan English quite fits well in the row of Lovian English languages. Modern Trainish also is one of the Lovian English dialects. The Lovian English word actrice could also be found in Hurbanovan English as actice. The proverb to be a crumble compared to the cake is quite related to to èi a cumle instea of a complee cuek (literally: to have a crumble instead of a complete cake) One word, which is often described to be the most famous Lovian word, naranja, is, strangely, hardly used in Hurbanovan English. But, like all other Lovian languages, also Hurbanovan English has major influences from Dutch in both grammar and vocabulary.

Proverbs

Hurbanovan English is a proverb-rich dialect.

Proverb (Hurbanovan English)	Literal translation	Meaning	Origin
to èi a cumle instea of a complee cuek	to have a crumble instead of a complete cake	to be a crumble compared to the cake	Lovian English (?)
to gi fie a chance	to give fire a chance	to play with fire	Slovak
Shon the Lovain	John the Lovian	a regular Lovian	Slovak
to luck the ca of the tee	to watch the cat out of the tree	to investigate something before you act	Dutch
hèi tees catch mose win	high trees catch the most wind	people of a high rank get many comments on what they do or don't do	Dutch
i lucks	it lucks	it goes well/perfect	Slovak/Dutch
fa-, like in fadicul	fat-, fat difficult	really, really difficult	Slovak/Polish
i is as unundestandable as physics	it is as ununderstandable as physics	it doesn't make any sense	--
you ana me	you're not me	everybody is different	Slovak
thèi is a kink in the cable	there is a sharp bow in the cable	there is a hitch somewhere	Dutch
to see something thoigh the fingas	to see something through the fingers	to overlook something	Dutch
dèis of bloo, swea an teas	days of blood, sweat and tears	days of hard working	Dutch
the bulle was thoigh the chuch	the bullet was through the church	the decision was made	Dutch

See also

• Hurbanova
• Lovian English